Arranjos político-jurídico-sanitários na Espanha e no Brasil sobre requisição de leitos de UTI na pandemia: um estudo comparado / Political-legal-sanitary arrangements in Spain and in Brazil regarding the request for ICU beds duringthe pandemic: a comparative study / Acuerdos político-jurídico-sanitarios en España y Brasil sobre requisición de camas de UCI en la pandemia: un estudio comparado

Objetivo: fazer um estudo comparado entre a Espanha e o Brasil sobre os arranjos político-jurídico-sanitários para a requisição de leitos de UTI pelos sistemas de saúde espanhol e brasileiro durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Metodologia: foi realizado estudo descritivo-comparativo com base em variantes pré-selecionadas e analisadas mediante o método funcionalista. Resultados: embora os países tenham muitas semelhanças no perfil organizativo dos sistemas de saúde, há possibilidades legais na Espanha que não se verificam no arco normativo brasileiro que permitam decisões centralizadoras em saúde. Conclusão: diante de uma emergência de saúde, sob a declaração de estado de alarme, o quadro constitucional espanhol permite que as autoridades de saúde dos entes subnacionais (Comunidades Autônomas)permaneçam sob as ordens diretas do Ministro da Saúde, o que não ocorreno sistema federativo brasileiro.

Objective: to carry out a comparative study between Spain and Brazil on the political-legal-sanitary arrangements for the requisition of ICU beds by the Spanish and Brazilian health systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: a descriptive-comparative study was carried out based on pre-selected variants and analyzed using the functionalist method. Results:although the countries have many similarities in the organizational profile of the health system, there are legal possibilities in Spain that are not found inthe Brazilian regulatory frameworkthat allowcentralizing decisions in health. Conclusion: in the eventof a health emergency, under the declaration of a state of alarm, the Spanish constitutional framework enables the health authorities of the subnational entities (Autonomous Communities) to remainunder the direct orders of the Minister of Health, which is not the case in the Brazilian federative system.

Objetivo: realizar un estudio comparativo entre España y Brasil sobre los acuerdos político-jurídico-sanitarios para la requisición de camas de UCI por parte de los sistemas sanitarios español y brasileño durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo-comparado basado envariantes preseleccionadas y analizadas mediante el método funcionalista. Resultados: aunque los países tienen muchas similitudes en el perfil organizativo del sistema de salud, existen posibilidades legales en España que no se encuentran en el marco normativo brasileño, y que permiten decisiones centralizadas en salud. Conclusión:ante una emergencia sanitaria, bajo la declaración de un estado de alarma, el marco constitucional español permite que las autoridades sanitarias de las entidades subnacionales (Comunidades Autónomas) queden bajo las órdenes directas del Ministro de Salud, lo que no ocurre en el sistema federativo brasileño.

Estimativas de necessidade, oferta e distribuição territorial de leitos neonatais de terapia intensiva e de cuidado intermediário no estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 2012 a 2020 / Estimates of need, supply and territorial distribution of neonatal intensive care and intermediate care beds in the state of Rio de Janeiro, from 2012 to 2020

O cuidado intensivo neonatal é ferramenta essencial para a assistência de recém- nascidos graves ou potencialmente graves, a fim de diminuir a morbimortalidade neonatal. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a oferta e distribuição territorial dos leitos intensivos e de cuidados intermediários neonatais, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 2012 a 2020 e estimar as necessidades e avaliar sua suficiência considerando o ano de 2020. Foi realizado estudo de caráter exploratório, correspondendo a uma avaliação normativa, com delineamento do tipo transversal e abordagem quantitativa. As fontes de dados utilizadas foram o CNES, para o levantamento dos leitos neonatais e suas modalidades, e o Sistema Nacional de Nascidos Vivos (SINASC-RJ) para obtenção do número de nascidos vivos (NV), em 2020. Para estimativa de necessidades e avaliação da suficiência de leitos neonatais, no ano de 2020, adotou-se os parâmetros propostos na Portaria GM/MS nº 930/2012. A estimativa de leitos necessários considerou dois cenários, onde o primeiro contemplou os usuários que utilizam exclusivamente o SUS (100% dos NV, excluídos os beneficiários de planos privados de saúde), e o segundo, 100% dos NV. Os resultados do estudo apontaram que, ao longo da série histórica, houve queda de 3,3% no total de leitos neonatais disponíveis ao SUS, aumento de 66,7% dos leitos de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN) tipos II e III disponíveis ao SUS, e redução dos leitos de UTIN I. Os leitos de cuidado intermediário neonatal convencional (UCINCo), que representaram a maior parte dos leitos de cuidado intermediário, tiveram redução de cerca de 43%. Os leitos de cuidados intermediários canguru, que constituíram parcela pequena dos leitos neonatais em toda a série histórica (média de 4%), tiveram aumento progressivo ao longo do período estudado. Verificou-se suficiência dos leitos de terapia intensiva no ano de 2020, mas com desigualdades regionais importantes. Foram apontados déficits tanto de leitos de convencionais quanto canguru (UCINCa), estes últimos com situação deficitária em todas as regiões do Estado. Conclui-se que as regiões não estão organizadas sob uma linha de cuidados progressivos, com as três tipologias de leitos previstas na legislação. Há necessidade de investimento na Rede Neonatal estadual, com ampliação dos leitos de todas as modalidades, de forma regionalizada, a fim de melhorar o acesso, evitar o transporte do RN e contribuir para a redução da morbimortalidade neonatal. O estudo pode trazer subsídios ao planejamento dentro da área de cuidado neonatal, baseado na equidade no acesso aos leitos disponíveis no SUS, em particular no Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

Neonatal intensive care is an essential tool for the aid of newborns in serious or potentially serious conditions, in order to reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to analyze the supply and territorial distribution of intensive and intermediate neonatal care beds in the state of Rio de Janeiro, from 2012 to 2020, estimate their needs and evaluate their sufficiency for the year 2020. It was an exploratory study, corresponding to a normative assessment, with a cross-sectional design and a quantitative approach. The databases used were National Register Health Establishments (CNES) for the survey of neonatal beds and their modalities, and the National Live Birth System (SINASC-RJ) for obtaining the number of live births (LB) in 2020. In order to estimate needs and assess the sufficiency of neonatal beds, in 2020, the parameters proposed in Ordinance GM/MS number 930/2012 were used as a basis. The estimate of beds needed was based on two scenarios, in which the first considered who exclusively uses the SUS (100% of LB, excluding beneficiaries of private health insurance), and the second, 100% of LB. The results of the study showed that, throughout the historical series, there was a 3.3% decrease in the total number of neonatal beds available to SUS, an increase of 66.7% in the number of beds of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit types II and III, available to SUS, and a reduction of beds in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit type I. Neonatal Conventional Intermediate Care beds, which accounted for the majority of intermediate care beds, were reduced about 43%. The kangaroo intermediate care beds, which represented a small portion of neonatal beds throughout the historical series (average of 4%), had a progressive increase over the study`s period. This research observed that there is a sufficiency of intensive care beds, in 2020, but concerning regional inequalities. As for the intermediate care beds, deficits were identified in both conventional and kangaroo beds, the latter with a deficit situation in all regions. It is concluded that the regions are not organized under a progressive care line, with the three types of beds provided for in the legislation. Therefore, there is a need for investment in the state Neonatal Network, with expansion of beds of all modalities, in a regionalized way, in order to improve access, avoid the transportation of the newborns and contribute to reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality. To summarize, the study can provide, to the health system and researchers, subsidies for planning within the area of neonatal care, based on equity in access to beds available at SUS, particularly in the State of Rio de Janeiro.

Hospitalização e taxa de ocupação de leitos em unidade de terapia intensiva COVID-19 / Hospitalization and bed occupancy rate in a COVID-19 intensive care unit

A maioria das pessoas desenvolvem sintomas leves ou moderados de COVID-19, porém algumas podem desenvolver sintomas graves, o que leva a hospitalizações. O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar a prevalência de casos confirmados de COVID-19, de hospitalização pela doença em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva e da taxa de ocupação de leitos decorrentes da mesma nessas Unidades no município de Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. Estudo transversal, descritivo, de abordagem quantitativa, com dados de fontes secundárias dos boletins epidemiológicos de Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso, de junho de 2020 a maio de 2021. Calculou-se, média de casos hospitalizados por mês e taxa de ocupação de leitos em terapia intensiva. Foram incluídos todos os casos notificados com COVID-19 e hospitalizados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de hospitais públicos do município. Análises foram realizadas com Software R e realizados teste de aderência de qui-quadrado e correlação de Kendall. Foram notificados 28.443 casos novos de COVID-19 no período estudado, sendo que a maior média dos casos hospitalizados em terapia intensiva na rede pública foi em maio de 2021 (n=51,1) e a taxa de ocupação de leitos foi em setembro de 2020 (129,17%). Em todas as regiões analisadas em comparativo com esse estudo, as UTI's operaram em estado de calamidade com altas taxas de ocupação. Identificou-se a relação do aumento do número de casos com as hospitalizações e taxas de ocupação das Unidades de Terapia Intensiva, achados que indicam a necessidade de controle da COVID-19.

Most people develop mild or moderate symptoms of COVID-19, but some people develop severe symptoms, leading to hospitalizations. The objective of the research was to analyze the prevalence of confirmed cases of COVID-19, hospitalization for this disease in Intensive Care Units, and the occupancy rate of beds resulting from the same in these units in the municipality of Rondonopolis, Mato Grosso. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study with a quantitative approach, with data from secondary sources of epidemiological bulletins in Rondonopolis, Mato Grosso, from June 2020 to May 2021. The average number of hospitalized cases per month and the occupancy rate of intensive care beds were calculated. All cases reported with COVID-19 and hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit of public hospitals in the municipality were included. Analyses were performed with R Software and the chi-square goodness-of-fit test and Kendall's correlation were performed. A total of 28,443 new cases of COVID-19 were reported during the study period, with the highest average of hospitalizations in the intensive care unit in the public health network was in May 2021 (n=51.1) and the bed occupancy rate was in September 2020 (129.17%). In all regions analyzed in comparison with this study, the ICUs operated in a state of calamity with high occupancy rates. A relationship between the increase in the number of cases and hospitalizations and occupancy rates of Intensive Care Units was identified, which are findings that indicate the need to control COVID-19.

Challenges at the front: experiences of professionals in admitting patients to the intensive care unit during the covid-19 pandemic / Desafíos delanteros: experiencias de profesionales en el ingreso de pacientes en la unidad de cuidados intensivos en la pandemia del covid-19 / Desafios do front: experiências de profissionais na admissão de pacientes em unidade de terapia intensiva na pandemia da covid-19

ABSTRACT Objective: to know the perspectives, practices and challenges in decision-making for admitting patients into the Intensive Care Unit during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: a qualitative study developed in two public hospitals in Maranhão, Brazil, from November/2020 to January/2021. Data collection took place through individual interviews guided by a script. A total of 22 professionals participated in the study: nurses and doctors who worked in the Intensive Care Unit and Bed Regulation in the first wave of the pandemic. Content Analysis was used in the thematic mode, with support from the Qualitative Data Analysis software program for data categorization. The theory of Responsibility for Reasonableness guided the study. Results: two main categories emerged: "The context of the decision-making process - the paradox of celestial discharges" and "Decision-making for admission". In the scenario of high demand, a lack of beds, and the uncertainties of the "new disease", deciding who would occupy the bed was arduous and conflicting. Clinical and non-clinical criteria such as severity, chance of survival, distance to be covered and transport conditions were considered. It was found that the ambivalence of feelings attributed to death and care at that moment of the pandemic marked the social and technical environment of intensive care. Conclusions: the complexity of the decision-making process for admission to an intensive care unit was evidenced, demonstrating the importance of analyzing the allocation of critical resources in pandemic scenarios. Knowing the perspectives of professionals and their reflections on the experiences in that period can help in planning the allocation of health resources in future emergency scenarios.

RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer perspectivas, prácticas y desafíos en la toma de decisiones para el ingreso de pacientes a camas en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos en la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: un estudio cualitativo, desarrollado en dos hospitales públicos de Maranhão, Brasil, de noviembre/2020 a enero/2021. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de entrevistas individuales guiadas por un guión. Un total de 22 profesionales participaron en el estudio: enfermeros y médicos que actuaban en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos y Regulación de Camas en la primera ola de la pandemia. Se utilizó el Análisis de Contenido en la modalidad temática, con apoyo del Software de Análisis Cualitativo de Datos para la categorización de los datos. La teoría de la Responsabilidad por la Razonabilidad guió el estudio. Resultados: surgieron dos categorías principales: "El contexto del proceso de toma de decisiones - la paradoja de los altos celestes" y "Toma de decisiones para la admisión". En el escenario de alta demanda, escasez de camas e incertidumbres de la "nueva enfermedad", decidir quién ocuparía la cama fue arduo y conflictivo. Se consideraron criterios clínicos y no clínicos, como gravedad, probabilidad de supervivencia, distancia a recorrer y condiciones de transporte. Se constató que la ambivalencia de los sentimientos atribuidos a la muerte y al cuidado, en ese momento de la pandemia, marcaron el ambiente social y técnico de la terapia intensiva. Conclusiones: se evidenció la complejidad del proceso de toma de decisiones para el ingreso a una unidad de cuidados intensivos, demostrando la importancia de analizar la asignación de recursos críticos en escenarios de pandemia. Conocer las perspectivas de los profesionales y sus reflexiones sobre las experiencias en ese período puede ayudar en la planificación de la asignación de recursos de salud en futuros escenarios de emergencia.

RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer perspectivas, práticas e desafios na tomada de decisão para admissão de pacientes em leitos de Unidades de Terapia Intensiva na pandemia da Covid-19. Métodos: estudo qualitativo, desenvolvido em dois hospitais públicos do Maranhão, Brasil, de novembro/2020 a janeiro/2021. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas individuais guiadas por roteiro. Participaram do estudo 22 profissionais: enfermeiros e médicos que atuaram em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e Regulação de Leitos na primeira onda da pandemia. Empregou-se a Análise de Conteúdo na modalidade temática, com apoio do Qualitative Data Analysis Software para categorização dos dados. A teoria da Responsabilidade pela Razoabilidade norteou o estudo. Resultados: emergiram duas categorias principais: "Contexto do processo decisório - o paradoxo das altas celestiais" e "Tomada de decisão para admissão". No cenário de alta demanda, insuficiência de leitos e de incertezas da "nova doença", decidir quem ocuparia o leito era árduo e conflitante. Critérios clínicos e não clínicos, como gravidade, chance de sobrevivência, distância a ser percorrida e condições do transporte foram considerados. Constatou-se que a ambivalência de sentimentos atribuídos à morte e ao cuidado, naquele momento da pandemia, marcaram o ambiente social e técnico da terapia intensiva. Conclusões: evidenciou-se a complexidade do processo decisório para admissão em unidade de terapia intensiva, demonstrando a importância de analisar a alocação de recursos críticos em cenários pandêmicos. Conhecer as perspectivas dos profissionais e as reflexões deles sobre as experiências naquele período podem auxiliar no planejamento de alocação de recursos de saúde em cenários emergenciais futuros.

Study of bed resource allocation model based on DRG and performance orientation / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To build a hospital bed resource allocation model, for the reference of public hospitals in optimizing their bed resource allocation.Methods:Based on ReLU activation function, a hospital bed resource allocation model was constructed by combining DRG and public hospital performance appraisal requirements, including discharge person times, average length of stay, hospital bed utilization rate, proportion of surgery, proportion of fourth level surgery, case mix index, average bed day income and other indicators. When the existing number of hospital beds available was greater than the number of hospital beds allocated for the first time, a secondary allocation should be made. A tertiary general hospital was taken as an example for a model analysis.Results:As found in the model analysis, among the 2 729 beds of the hospital in the first allocation, 110 beds were left available for secondary allocation. The results of bed allocation of 40 inpatient departments in the hospital were as follows: 15 departments need more beds, 3 departments need more beds and shorter length of stay, 2 departments need no change, 1 department needs shorter length of stay, 4 departments need less beds, and 15 departments need less beds and shorter length of stay.Conclusions:The bed resource allocation model enriches the connotation of indicators, reflects the specialty characteristics. These indicators can be flexibly adjusted in combination with hospital development planning and budget management, hence conducive to refined management of hospital bed resources in public hospitals.

Custos de processamento de lodo em Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto com reatores anaeróbios de manto de lodo e pós-tratamento aeróbio: subsídios para Estudos de Concepção / Costs of sludge processing in Waste Water Treatment Plants with Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactors and aerobic post-treatment: resources for Conception Studies

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa foi a avaliação dos custos de implantação (CAPEX) e de operação (OPEX) de diferentes alternativas de desaguamento e higienização de lodo, em Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETEs) com reatores anaeróbios de manto de lodo (UASB) e pós-tratamento aeróbio, visando fornecer subsídios para Estudos de Concepção. As tecnologias consideradas foram: leitos de secagem, centrífugas, wetlands construídos para lodo (WCL), estabilização alcalina prolongada (EAP) e secagem térmica. Curvas de custo para vazões de esgoto entre 5 e 750 L.s−1 foram elaboradas, desconsiderando-se os custos de aquisição de área e destinação final do lodo. Verificou-se que o CAPEX das centrífugas pode ser inferior ao dos leitos de secagem para ETEs com vazões acima de 80 L.s−1. Porém, ao considerar-se o OPEX, os leitos se mantêm mais econômicos. Também foi avaliada uma alternativa mista, de leitos de secagem e centrífugas em paralelo, mas seus custos mostraram-se mais elevados que cada opção isoladamente. Os WCL apresentaram CAPEX superior ao das centrífugas para ETEs acima de 120 L.s−1, mas foi mantida a alternativa mais econômica de desaguamento quando considerado CAPEX + OPEX. Quanto à higienização, a secagem térmica apresentou CAPEX inferior ao da EAP para ETEs acima de 500 L.s−1. Porém, ao se considerar o OPEX, essa se manteve mais onerosa até 750 L.s−1, mesmo considerando-se o aproveitamento do biogás gerado nos reatores UASB.

ABSTRACT This research assessed the implementation costs (CAPEX) and the operational costs (OPEX) of different sludge dewatering and disinfection alternatives, considering WWTP with UASB reactors and aerobic post-treatment, aiming to provide resources for Conception Studies. The following technologies were considered: Drying Beds, Centrifuges, Sludge Drying Reed Beds (SDRB), Alkaline Stabilization Process (ASP), and Heat Drying. Cost functions for wastewater flows ranging from 5 to 750 L.s−1 were elaborated, while disregarding area acquisition and sludge final disposal costs. It was determined that the Centrifuge's CAPEX could be lower than the Drying Bed's for WWTPs inflows above 80 L.s−1. Nonetheless, Drying Beds remained cheaper when OPEX was considered. A hybrid alternative with Drying Beds and Centrifuges in parallel was evaluated, but their combined costs remained higher than each option considered individually. Moreover, SDRB's CAPEX was higher than the Centrifuge's for WWTPs above 120 L.s−1, but the former remained the cheapest dewatering alternative when considered CAPEX + OPEX. Finally, Heat Drying had lower CAPEX than ASP for WWTPs above 500 L.s−1. Nonetheless, considering OPEX, the former remained more expensive up to 750 L.s−1, even when considering fully UASB biogas reclamation.

Situação dos leitos neonatais em maternidades brasileiras: uma análise exploratória / Neonatal bed status in Brazilian maternity hospitals: an exploratory analysis

Resumo As unidades neonatais devem ser organizadas como uma linha de cuidados progressivos com leitos de cuidado intensivo e intermediário (convencional e canguru). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a situação e a adequação dos leitos neonatais em maternidades da Rede Cegonha. Estudo descritivo, realizado em 606 maternidades em todas as regiões do Brasil. Os bancos de dados utilizados foram os da Avaliação da Atenção ao Parto e Nascimento em Maternidades da Rede Cegonha e do Sistema Nacional de Nascidos Vivos. Para avaliar a distribuição de leitos neonatais por tipologia, foram utilizados os parâmetros propostos na Portaria GM/MS nº 930/2012. A minoria das unidades se organiza como uma linha de cuidados progressiva com as três tipologias de leito previstas (24,42%). Os leitos de cuidado intermediário Canguru são a minoria dos leitos implantados (11,27%). Há uma concentração de leitos intensivos e intermediários nas regiões Sudeste e Sul, que apresentam déficit de leitos de cuidado intermediário Canguru. Ao analisar a adequação dos leitos pelo número de nascidos vivos, verifica-se inadequação dos leitos de cuidado Canguru em todas as regiões do Brasil, déficit de leitos intensivos nas regiões Norte e Nordeste e adequação de leitos de cuidado intermediário convencional em todas as regiões.

Abstract Neonatal units should be organized as a progressive care line, with intermediate and intensive care beds (conventional and kangaroo). The aim of this study was to evaluate the status and adequacy of neonatal beds in maternity hospitals linked to the 'Stork Network' ("Rede Cegonha"). A descriptive study was conducted in 606 maternity hospitals in all regions of Brazil. The databases used belonged to the Stork Network Evaluation Survey and the National Live Birth System. To assess the distribution of neonatal beds by typology, the parameters proposed in Ordinance N. 930/2012 of the Ministry of Health were used. Most neonatal units are not organized as a progressive care line with the three types of bed planned. Kangaroo intermediate care beds comprise the minority of implanted beds. There is a concentration of intensive and intermediate beds in the Southeast and South regions, which show a kangaroo intermediate care bed deficit. Analyzing the adequacy of beds by the number of live births, one can observe an inadequacy of Kangaroo care beds in all regions of Brazil, as well as intensive bed deficit in the North and Northeast regions, and adequacy of conventional intermediate care beds in all regions.

COVID-19 in medium-sized municipalities in the 14 health macro-regions of Minas Gerais, Brazil

The present study focused on the scenario of confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil, from March 2020 to March 2021. We evaluated the evolution of COVID-19 prevalence and death in one municipality from each of the 14 health macro-regions of MG state. Socio-demographic characteristics and variables related to the municipalities were analyzed. The raw dataset used in this study was freely sourced from the website Brasil.io. From the raw dataset, two time series were extracted: the cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19 and cumulative death counts, and they were compared to the state data using a nowcasting approach. In order to make time series comparisons possible, all data was normalized per 100,000 inhabitants. When analyzing in light of colored wave code interventions initiated in August 2020 in MG, for the majority of the municipalities, there was an absence of clear influence on prevalence and deaths. The national holidays in the first semester of 2020 had a small impact on the COVID-19 prevalence of the municipalities, but the holidays in the second semester of 2020 and beginning of 2021 caused important impacts on COVID-19 prevalence. The low number of ICU beds in some municipalities contributed to the higher number of deaths. The analysis showed here is expected to contribute to the improvement of decision making of the MG government, as it opened a huge possibility to have the total macro-regions and state data analyzed.

Experiencia de reconversión de un servicio clínico anestésico-quirúrgico en unidad de pacientes críticos COVID-19 en un hospital universitario / Experience of transforming a clinical surgical-anesthetic unit into a COVID-19 critical patient one in a teaching hospital

INTRODUCTION: The experience of restructuring a clinical surgical-anesthetic unit into a critical patient unit in charge of surgical- anesthetic personnel is presented during the period from May to July 2020 in the context of a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. OBJECTIVES: Describe the unit's restructuring process, considering technical aspects, changes in staff functions, clinical outcomes of the patients, quality indicators obtained and the psychological impact on the healthcare team. MATHERIAL AND METHODS: The strategies implemented by the responsible experts were described (ie: engineering). Clinical data were obtained from an insti- tutional database and electronical medical records. The management of human resources was described using administrative records of the services of anesthesiology, OR and critical patient unit. The psychological impact on the unit staff was evaluated by applying the Maslach questionnaire. The quality of the clinical management of the unit was obtained from the compilation of standardized quality indicators for the critical patient units of the institution. RESULTS: 25 patients were admitted in the unit. The mean age was 62 ± 12 years. About the complications, 52% had pulmonary embolism, 36% had acute kidney injury, and 1 patient died. The prevalence of Burnout Syndrome was 73.6%. The occurrence of adverse events was minimal. DISCUSSION: The transformation of an anesthetic-surgical unit into a COVID critical patient one, demands a complex net of coordinated strategies to allow facing the attention demand with positive clinical results, at the expense of the health care team mental health.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se presenta la experiencia de reconversión de una unidad de cuidados posanestésicos a una unidad de cuidados intensivos a cargo de personal anestésico-quirúrgico entre mayo y julio de 2020, en contexto de pandemia por SARS-CoV-2. OBJETIVOS: Describir el proceso de reconversión considerando aspectos técnicos, pertinentes al recurso humano, resultados clínicos, indicadores de calidad e impacto psicológico en el equipo de salud. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se describen las estrategias implementadas por los expertos responsables. Se obtienen datos clínicos desde base de datos institucional y ficha clínica electrónica. Se describe la gestión del recurso humano utilizando registros administrativos de los servicios involucrados. El impacto psicológico en el personal fue evaluado aplicando el cuestionario de Maslach. La calidad de la gestión clínica se obtiene a partir de indicadores de calidad estandarizados para las unidades de pacientes críticos de nuestro establecimiento. RESULTADOS: Se atendieron 25 pacientes en la unidad. La edad promedio fue 62 ± 12 años. El 52% presentó tromboembolismo pulmonar, 36% injuria renal aguda como complicación. Un paciente falleció. La prevalencia de síndrome de Burnout fue de 73,6%. La ocurrencia de eventos adversos fue baja. CONCLUSIONESConclusiones: La reconversión de una unidad anestésico-quirúrgica a una unidad crítica COVID-19, demanda un complejo entramado de estrategias coordinadas que permiten responder a la demanda de atención con resultados clínicos positivos, a expensas del costo de la salud mental del equipo de salud involucrado.

Impacto da metodologia lean na permanência dos pacientes de um pronto socorro / Impacto de la metodología lean en la permanencia de pacientes de un servicio de emergencias / The lean methodology impact on the patients permanence in an emergency care

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar a média de permanência dos pacientes antes e após a aplicação da metodologia Lean em um Pronto Socorro de um Hospital de Ensino. Método: estudo transversal, retrospectivo, documental, quantitativo. Os dados foram coletados em dezembro de 2019 via sistema TASY. Obteve-se a relação dos pacientes internados no pronto socorro no período de novembro de 2018 a novembro de 2019, no Oeste do Paraná - Brasil. Procedeu-se análise estatística descritiva e uso do programa Statistica 7.0, com os testes Levene e Scheff. Resultados: identificou-se aumento de 61% no número de internamentos, redução de 30% no tempo de permanência e 26% do tempo máximo de permanência registrado. Entretanto, não houve diferença significativa no período antes e depois do Lean no tempo de permanência. Conclusão: evidenciou-se que o Lean possui potencial para colaborar no aperfeiçoamento do fluxo de pacientes, aumentando os atendimentos e reduzindo o tempo de permanência na unidade.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar la duración media de permanencia de los pacientes antes y después de la aplicación de la metodología Lean en un Servicio de Emergencias de un Hospital de Enseñanza. Método: estudio transversal, retrospectivo, documental y cuantitativo. Los dados fueron recolectados en diciembre de 2019 a través del sistema TASY. Se obtuvo la lista de pacientes ingresados en el servicio de emergencias en el periodo de noviembre de 2019, en el Oeste de Paraná - Brasil. Se procedió al análisis estadístico descriptivo y uso del programa Statistica 7.0, con las pruebas de Levene y Scheff. Resultados: Se identificó un aumento del 61% en el número de internamientos, una reducción del 30% en el tiempo de permanencia y un 26% en el tiempo máximo de permanencia registrado. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias significativas en el periodo anterior y posterior a Lean en el tiempo de permanencia. Conclusión: se evidenció que el Lean tiene potencial para colaborar en el perfeccionamiento del flujo de pacientes, aumentando las atenciones y reduciendo el tiempo de permanencia en la unidad.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the average length of patients' stay before and after the Lean methodology application in a Teaching Hospital's Emergency Room. Method: cross-sectional, retrospective, documentary, quantitative study. The data was collected in December 2019 via the TASY system. The list of patients admitted to the emergency room, from November 2018 to November 2019, in Western Paraná - Brazil, was obtained. A descriptive statistical analysis was carried out, and the Statistica 7.0 program was used, with Levene and Scheff tests. Results: there was an increase of 61% in the number of hospitalizations, a 30% reduction in the stay, and 26% of the maximum stay recorded. However, there was no significant difference in the period before and after Lean in the stay length. Conclusion: it was evident that Lean can potentially collaborate in improving the patients' flow, increasing the visits, and reducing the stay period in the unit.

Hospital indicators after implementation of bed regulation strategies: an integrative review / Indicadores hospitalarios después de implementar estrategias relacionadas con la regulación de camas: una revisión integradora / Indicadores hospitalares após implantação de estratégias relacionadas à regulação de leitos: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the scientific evidence available in literature on hospital indicators after implementation of bed regulation strategies. Methods: this is an integrative review conducted with studies available in five databases and in the reference database of the Center for Study and Research in Nursing Services Management in October 2019. Articles on hospital bed management, available in full in English, Spanish or Portuguese, without temporal delimitation were included. Results: 1,118 eligible articles were found, of which 37 were duplicated. Among 1,081 pre-selected studies, 112 studies were eligible and 11 articles were included. Six studies addressed the emergency services. Three addressed hospital indicators in general, another focused on a psychiatric ward and one analyzed the indicators of two hospitals administered differently. Conclusions: the studies focused on emergency services, demonstrating the importance of organizing these services for health institutions.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la evidencia científica disponible en la literatura sobre indicadores hospitalarios tras la implementación de estrategias de regulación de camas. Métodos: revisión integradora realizada con estudios disponibles en cinco bases de datos y en la base de datos de referencia del Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones en Gestión de Servicios de Enfermería en octubre de 2019. Los criterios de inclusión fueron artículos sobre manejo de camas hospitalarias, disponibles íntegramente en inglés, español o portugués, sin límite de tiempo. Resultados: se encontraron 1.118 artículos elegibles, de los cuales 37 fueron duplicados. Entre 1.081 estudios preseleccionados, 112 estudios fueron elegibles, incluidos 11 artículos. Seis estudios abordaron los servicios de emergencia. Tres indicadores hospitalarios abordados en general; otro centrado en un pabellón psiquiátrico; uno analizó los indicadores de dos hospitales administrados por separado. Conclusiones: el enfoque de los estudios está en los servicios de emergencia, lo que demuestra la importancia de organizar estos servicios para las instituciones de salud.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar as evidências científicas disponíveis na literatura sobre indicadores hospitalares após a implantação de estratégias de regulação de leitos. Métodos: revisão integrativa realizada com estudos disponíveis em cinco bases de dados e no banco de referências do Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Gestão de Serviços de Enfermagem em outubro de 2019. Utilizaram-se como critérios de inclusão artigos sobre gestão de leitos hospitalares, disponíveis na íntegra nos idiomas inglês, espanhol ou português, sem delimitação temporal. Resultados: encontraram-se 1.118 artigos elegíveis, desses, 37 apresentavam-se duplicados. Dentre 1.081 estudos pré-selecionados, 112 estudos eram elegíveis, sendo incluídos 11 artigos. Seis estudos abordavam os serviços de emergência. Três abordavam os indicadores hospitalares em geral; outro tinha como foco uma enfermaria psiquiátrica; um analisou os indicadores de dois hospitais administrados distintamente. Conclusões: o foco dos estudos concentra-se nos serviços de emergência, demonstrando a importância da organização desses serviços para as instituições de saúde.

A capacidade de leitos hospitalares no Brasil, as internações no SUS, a migração demográfica e os custos dos procedimentos / Hospitals beds in Brazil, SUS inpatients, demographic migration and procedures costs

Objetivo: Avaliar, por meio de dados de vida real, a capacidade dos leitos hospitalares brasileiros versus as recomendações da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), como esses leitos estão sendo utilizados, de onde vêm os pacientes, quanto isso custa, as diferentes patologias que têm chegado aos hospitais e o percentual de tempo de internação em leitos de cuidado intensivo. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo histórico realizado entre julho de 2018 e junho de 2019 a partir de dados obtidos do Datasus e subsequentemente processados em MySQL para diferentes perspectivas. Todos os índices foram construídos por meio de quintis de dias de internação e posteriormente subdivididos em análises mais específicas, confrontadas com literatura específica do assunto e diferentes diretrizes internacionais. Resultados: O Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) teve um total de 9.275.680 pacientes únicos internados durante o período de análise, tendo um custo total de R$ 183 bilhões, totalizando 63.817.613 de diárias hospitalares com uma média de 6,3 dias de internação, R$ 1.972,73 de custo médio por internação e R$ 286,73 de custo médio diário. Conclusão: O SUS e toda a sua estrutura em perspectiva histórica são bem recentes. Cabe ainda aprimorar os processos de atenção de rede primária (portas de entrada), bem como desenvolver e disseminar os processos de desospitalização (portas de saída/reintrodução para a atenção primária).

Objective: Through real-world evidence, evaluate the hospital beds capacity in Brazil versus WHO recommendations, how these hospital beds are used, where patients come from, how much does this cost, which different diseases are coming and the Intensive Units utilization. Methods: Retrospective study realized between July 2018 and June 2019 through Datasus data and processed on MySQL to different perspectives. All indexes have been organized on quintiles internment days and then sub analyzed in different perspectives, comparing with local literature and with international Guidelines. Results: National Health System (SUS) had 9.275.680 unique patients during the analyzed period, with a total cost of R$ 183 billions, and 63.817.613 hospitalization days diaries charged. The average length of stay was 6.3 days and it cost R$ 1.972,73 per patient. Conclusion: National Health System (SUS) is very recent on historic perspective. Whole system needs to improve primary health flows (entrance door) as well as develop and disseminate at home care process (exit door/reintroduction to primary care).

Length of stay in pediatric intensive care unit: prediction model / Tempo de permanência em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica: modelo de predição

ABSTRACT Objective To propose a predictive model for the length of stay risk among children admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit based on demographic and clinical characteristics upon admission. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at a private and general hospital located in the municipality of Sao Paulo, Brazil. We used internal validation procedures and obtained an area under ROC curve for the to build of the predictive model. Results The mean hospital stay was 2 days. Predictive model resulted in a score that enabled the segmentation of hospital stay from 1 to 2 days, 3 to 4 days, and more than 4 days. The accuracy model from 3 to 4 days was 0.71 and model greater than 4 days was 0.69. The accuracy found for 3 to 4 days (65%) and greater than 4 days (66%) of hospital stay showed a chance of correctness, which was considering modest. Conclusion: Our results showed that low accuracy found in the predictive model did not enable the model to be exclusively adopted for decision-making or discharge planning. Predictive models of length of stay risk that consider variables of patients obtained only upon admission are limit, because they do not consider other characteristics present during hospitalization such as possible complications and adverse events, features that could impact negatively the accuracy of the proposed model.

RESUMO Objetivo Propor um modelo de predição de risco de permanência das crianças na unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica, considerando-se as características demográficas e clínicas na admissão. Métodos Coorte retrospectiva realizada a partir da análise de 1.815 admissões na terapia intensiva pediátrica, em um hospital privado e geral, do município de São Paulo (SP). Foram utilizados procedimentos de validação interna e obtenção da área sob a curva ROC na construção do modelo preditor. Resultados A mediana do tempo de permanência foi de 2 dias. O modelo preditor produziu um escore que permitiu a segmentação do tempo de permanência de 1 a 2 dias, de 3 a 4 dias e maior que 4 dias. A acurácia do modelo de 3 a 4 dias foi de 0,71 e do modelo maior que 4 dias de 0,69. As acurácias encontradas para 3 a 4 dias e maior que 4 dias de permanência mostraram possibilidade de acerto, considerada modesta, de 65% e 66%, respectivamente. Conclusão A partir dos resultados encontrados, é possível verificar que a baixa acurácia encontrada no modelo preditor não permite que ele seja exclusivamente adotado para a tomada de decisão ou planejamento para a alta. Modelos de predição de risco do tempo de permanência que consideram variáveis do paciente obtidas somente durante a admissão têm limitações intrínsecas, já que não consideram outras características presentes durante a internação, como possíveis complicações e eventos adversos, e podem impactar negativamente na acurácia do modelo proposto.

Chaetopterus antarcticus (Polychaeta: Chaetopteridae) in Argentinian shelf scallop beds: from infaunal to epifaunal life habits

Introduction: The shelf-break frontal area in the Argentine Sea, between 37ｼ S and 40ｼ S, is characterized by high frequency and abundance of the parchment worm Chaetopterus antarcticus Kinberg, 1866 associated to Zygochlamys patagonica scallop beds. This polychaete was usually collected within its U tubes, typical of infaunal habit. During 2007, a surprising massive settlement of worms on scallops was observed. Objective: Our objectives is to report the variability of life habits of C. antarcticus in scallop grounds distributed between 37º S and 40º S in Argentinean waters. Methods: The presence of the parchment tube worms on Z. patagonica was analyzed in 892 scallops coming from three samples collected in September (previously obtained for other purposes) and November 2007 and April 2008, between 99-106 m depth in Management Unit B (16.186 km2, 38º S - 39º 52' S). Polychaetes were identified and quantified on both valves. In addition, both epibiont and infaunal worms were registered through time. The settlement of C. antarcticus on scallops was monitored during the period 2007-2015 and the presence of free tubes, both empty and inhabited by worms, were registered during the period 2008-2015 from a total of 374 representative subsamples (10 l) collected with trawling tools between 37º S and 40º S. Results: Scallops collected in 2007 and 2008 showed that 468 (> 50 %) specimens were encrusted; in 66 % (311 specimens) of them C. antarcticus was settled. The temporal analysis showed that the spatial distribution of epibiotic worms decreased in 2009, 2010 and 2012, with its total absence in 2013, 2014 and 2015 in the study area. During the period 2007 - 2015, infaunal worms were registered throughout the area, collected in part of the locations monitored. Conclusions: The variability of life habits of C. antarcticus was not commonly registered previously in the study area; epibiotic behavior could be the result of intensive soft sediment disturbance due to trawling and hence, the selection of other available primary settlement substrate.

Introducción: El área del frente de talud en el Mar Argentino, entre 37° S y 40° S, se caracteriza por alta frecuencia y abundancia del poliqueto Chaetopterus antarcticus Kinberg, 1866 asociado a bancos de vieira Zygochlamys patagonica (King, 1832). Este poliqueto era colectado usualmente habitando los tubos en U, típicos de hábito infaunal. Durante 2007, un sorprendente asentamiento masivo de gusanos sobre vieiras fue observado. Objetivos: Los objetivos del trabajo son reportar la variabilidad del hábito de vida de C. antarcticus en fondos de vieiras entre 37° S y 40° S en aguas de Argentina. Métodos: La presencia de gusanos tubícolas sobre Z. patagonica se analizó en 892 vieiras colectadas en tres muestras durante Septiembre (muestra tomada con otros propósitos) y Noviembre 2007 y Abril 2008, entre 99-106 m de profundidad en la Unidad de Manejo B (16.186 km2, 38º S - 39º 52' S). Los poliquetos fueron identificados y cuantificados en ambas valvas. Además, los gusanos tanto epibiontes como infaunales se registraron en un período de tiempo. El asentamiento de C. antarcticus sobre vieiras se monitoreó durante 2007-2015 y la presencia de tubos libres, tanto vacíos como habitados por gusanos, durante 2008-2015 a partir de 374 submuestras representativas (10 l) colectadas con artes de arrastre entre 37° S y 40° S. Resultados: Las vieiras colectadas en 2007 y 2008 mostraron que 468 (> 50 %) especímenes estaban incrustados; C. antarcticus estaba asentado en 66 % (311 especímenes) de los mismos. El análisis temporal mostró que la distribución espacial de gusanos epibiontes decreció en 2009, 20101 y 2012, y su ausencia total en 2013, 2014 y 2015 en el área de estudio. Durante el período 2007 - 2015 los gusanos infaunales se registraron en toda el área, en parte de las localidades relevadas. Conclusiones: La variabilidad del hábito de vida de C. antarcticus no había sido registrada previamente en el área de estudio; el comportamiento epibiótico podría ser el resultado del disturbio intensivo de los sedimentos blandos debido al arrastre y en consecuencia, la selección de otro sustrato de asentamiento primario disponible.

Assessment of Depression in Cancer Patients receiving Chemotherapy in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction: Cancer patients usually have variouspsychological complications, depression being the mostcommon among them. Depression poses difficulties incontinuing the prescribed treatment within the scheduledtime frame, ultimately affecting outcome. Study aimed todetermine the magnitude of depression and various factorsassociated with it, so as to initiate the timely intervention.Material and methods: Brief Edinburgh Depression Scale(BEDS) was used to major depression in 203 cancer patientsreceiving chemotherapy at Day Care Centre of the Departmentof Radiotherapy, SMS Medical College and attached groupof hospitals, Jaipur, Rajasthan, and VCSG GovernmentInstitute of Medical Science and Research, Srinagar, Garhwal,Uttarakhand, India during 1-30 August, 2018, who wereabove 18 years of age, and could read, understand, and write,were selected. Association of depression with various factorslike name, age, sex, contact details, education and occupationdetails, income, marital status, history of other co-morbiddisease, type and site of cancer, presence of metastases,number of chemotherapy cycle going on, source of cost oftherapy, was also computed.Results: Out of 203 patients, depression was present in130 (64%) patients. Statistically significant association ofdepression was found with both extremes of the age (P = 0.04),paid treatment (P = 0.03) and less than four chemotherapycycle (P = 0.04). No significant association was seen betweendepression and gender, occupation, performance status, site ofcancer, presence of co-existing disease and metastases.Conclusions: BEDS is a easy and reliable method to measuredepression. Depression was present in 64% of patients, andwas significantly associated with both extremes of age,paid treatment, and less than four chemotherapy cyclesadministered.

Status quo, problems and prospects of healthcare plus elderly care mode in China / 中华医院管理杂志

In order to fully understand the status quo of the healthcare plus elderly care mode development in China, this paper comprehensively analyzed the progress of China in this respect, from four aspects as follows. These include the policy making, service mode development, number of elderly care beds and long-term care insurance. In view of the current shortage of resources in China, namely that of talents, poor teambuilding, imbalance between supply and demand of medical institutions, and the lack of coordination among healthcare and elderly care institutions, this paper suggests that China should focus on strengthening the construction of diversified elderly care system and professional elderly care personnel. In addition, it suggests to establish and improve the long-term care system with Chinese characteristics and promote the introduction of hospice care services for elderly care institutions, hence encouraging a high level healthcare plus elderly care career in China.

A nationwide study of the emergency department utilization rates according to season, day of the week, time of the day, region, and type of emergency department

OBJECTIVE: The mismatch in the demand and supply of emergency medical resources has been a constant issue in Korean emergency departments (EDs). This study analyzed the characteristics and actual utilization of medical bed resources in these EDs. METHODS: The emergency department utilization (EDU) rate was calculated using the Emergency Medical Resource Information System (EMRIS) on the available beds in EDs from April 2014 to January 2015. The EDU rate was analyzed according to the season, day of the week, time of day, and ED type. Furthermore, the ratio between the maximum and minimum EDU rates was also compared between the regions. RESULTS: A total of 14,889,750 data points were included. The EDU rate was relatively high during winter and on Sundays, and was highest between 20:00 and 22:00. The ratio between the maximum and minimum EDU rates according to the time of day was highest in Gyeongbuk (5.4) and lowest in Daegu (1.4). Moreover, the EDU rate according to the ED type was highest in the regional emergency medical center (66.7%). CONCLUSION: Significant differences were observed in the EDU rates according to the season, day of the week, time of the day, region, and ED type. Therefore, EMRIS should allocate resources based on the data on both the hospital and regional characteristics.

Design of Intelligent Nursing Bed Based on Internet of Things + Technology / 中国医疗器械杂志

With the advent of social aging, the development of intelligent multifunctional nursing beds that are suitable for hospitals, nursing homes, homes and the like has a wide range of applications, this paper presents an intelligent nursing bed design based on Internet of Things technology. The design uses STM32F103 as the central processor. The design is divided into nursing bed module based on tri-fold structure, central control module based on data processing, weight scale module based on weight detection, power supply module based on system power supply and host computer module based on user operation. The design uses a closed control mode, greatly improving the bed control accuracy. Experimental tests showed that under the action of the intelligent control bed control system, the error rate of bed position information driven bedboard can be less than 2%, which has high accuracy and stability.

Effects of an electric standing bed and a dynamic electric standing bed on auditory evoked potential in healthy people / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To observe and compare the effect of training using an electric standing bed or a dy-namic electric standing bed on the auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) in the brainstems of healthy people. Methods Twenty healthy people were divided into a common group ( n=10) and a dynamic group ( n=10) . The common group accepted training using an electric standing bed, while the dynamic group accepted training using a dynamic electric standing bed. Before and after the training, BAEPs were measured and compared using variance analysis. Results The latencies of the I, III and V waves among the common group were not significantly different from those of the dy-namic group before the training. After the training, however, the average wave V latency was significantly shorter than that in the common group. After the training there were, however, no significant differences in the I-III, I-V or III-V interpeak latencies in the common group, nor in the I-III interpeak latency in the dynamic group compared with before the training. In the dynamic group the average I-V and III-V interpeak latencies after the training were significantly shorter than those beforehand. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the I-III, I-V or II-V interpeak latency after the training. Conclusion Compared with training using an electric standing bed, a dynamic electric standing bed gives significantly greater improvement in the latency and interpeak latency of BAEP waves.

Uso de cámaras de bronceado y cáncer de piel / Indoor tanning and skin cancer

ResumenEl cáncer de piel es la neoplasia más frecuente en Costa Rica.La constante exposición a luz ultravioleta es un factor de riesgo ampliamente reconocido para este cáncer.Las cámaras de bronceado que emiten radiación UV fueron clasificadas por un grupo de investigadores, IARC “International Agency for Research on Cáncer” como Grupo 1 “Cancerígeno para humanos”.El riesgo de melanoma aumenta en un 75% cuando las cámaras de bronceado son utilizadas en edades tempranas.Las campañas de salud enfocadas en foto protección han tenido un importante impacto en la prevención del cáncer de piel. Sin embargo, aún es necesario dar a conocer a la población general sobre la relación directa que existe entre el uso de fuentes artificiales de radiación ultravioleta (como cámaras de bronceado) con la aparición de cáncer de piel melanoma y no melanoma.

AbstractSkin cancer is the most common malignancy in Costa Rica.Constant exposure to ultraviolet light is a widely recognized risk factor for this neoplasm. Indoor tanning chambers that emit UV radiation were classified as Group 1 "Carcinogenic for humans" by the “International Agency for Research on Cancer” (IARC).The risk of melanoma increases in a 75% when the tanning beds are used in early ages.Health campaigns focused photo protective measures have had an important impact on skin cancer prevention.However, it is still necessary to inform general population about the direct relationship between the use of artificial sources of ultraviolet radiation like in tanning beds, with the development of melanoma and non-melanoma cancer.